Studying The Changes Of Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Scientific researches over the decennaries have shown that clime alteration on our planet can happen as a consequence of both anthropogenetic causes every bit good as natural 1s. The GSA, Geological Society of America, concurs with the appraisals done by the National Research council, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) and the National Academies of Science that the planetary clime has warmed and that the activities that are human, in peculiar emanations of green house gases, is the chief perpetrator of this heating that has been taking topographic point since the mid 1900 ‘s. in order to understand how and what is bespeaking planetary heating this paper will look at climatic informations for The Wabash River Watershed that day of the months from the 1960 ‘s to the 1990 ‘s. We will write a custom essay sample on Studying The Changes Of Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The information comprises of both the H2O on the surface and that in the ambiance that has been planned on a monthly footing with regard to this part. This includes minimal, maximal every bit good as the mean temperatures for the month. In add-on, informations on precipitation which includes yearss of visible radiation, entire precipitation, heavy, moderate every bit good as the entire figure of yearss of precipitation. Included besides is the H2O balance informations for existent evapotranspiration, shortage, excess and estimated H2O overflow, which is frequently a placeholder for watercourse flow informations. This information will organize a footing for the reading of temperature, precipitation and other factors and their relationship to planetary heating. Global warming deductions: climatic informations from the Wabash River Watershed Climate refers to infinite and clip forms of precipitation, air current and temperature. This differs significantly across different countries. Analyzing these alterations and their deductions on planetary heating is a scientific challenge. This is because clime alterations of course over an array of clip graduated tables, that is, from 10 ‘s of old ages ( decadal ) , 100 ‘s of old ages ( millennian ) and even longer periods referred to as glacial rhythms, for illustration, ice ages. Climate besides changes of course over a assortment of relevant particular graduated tables that is from the local and regional infinite to the planetary infinite ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . By analyzing this alterations so we can be able to understand their relationship to planetary heating, an issue that is in the head of everyone ‘s attending in every facet of our society today, politically, economically, technologically and socio-culturally. The climatic alteration which can be or non be related to planetary heating frequently determines the location and type of human ecosystems that are managed by worlds such as the handiness of agricultural land and it besides affects how, when and if weathering of stones will take topographic point, the type of dirt that will be signifiers and the rate at which this dirt will be formed. Climatic alteration and consequent planetary heating besides determines the quality and measure of H2O that is available for usage by worlds every bit good as other life on the planet. More dramatically is determines how terrible storms, inundations and drouths are ( Elzen A ; Schaeffer, 2002, p.35 ) . Average one-year temperature, Wabash River Watershed ( 1857-2007 ) The pointer shows a pronounced addition in temperature by a about a sum of 0.6 grades of the period from early 1960 ‘s to late 1990 ‘s. This calculates to about 0.02 grades addition every twelvemonth. As such this indicates that the climatic alteration in temperature in the Wabash River watershed is declarative of planetary heating. This is because the addition in temperatures is non systematic with expected alterations that occur of course over clip. Harmonizing to the Milankovitch rhythms, which indicate that the alterations in the orientation and distance of the Earth in relation to the Sun history for the Earth ‘s glacial rhythms, the Earth is really traveling in the way that should be doing major glaciations. As such the exogenous alterations that occur in the solar input as a consequence of this phenomenon are non important plenty to explicate the temperature amplitude of the fluctuations. The alteration presented is really little when compared to a glacial rhythm but the temperature additions are happening in a really high rate. This is a rate of 0.02 grades per annum as compared to o.oo13 grades Celsius per annum that occur during interglacial rhythms. These alterati ons in temperature are already more than any that have of all time been experience in the yesteryear on Earth and as such this can merely bespeak planetary heating ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . Precipitation informations Numerous observations of an empirical nature and theoretical accounts concentrating on the clime in this part, Wabash River Watershed, confirms an sweetening of the hydrological rhythm in the signifier of increased surface and atmospheric H2O. This has been observed by the addition in the lower limit, maximal and mean precipitation informations: heavy, moderate visible radiation precipitation informations, every bit good as watercourse flow informations that are derived from estimated, excess and shortage H2O run off. The low strength and high frequence of the precipitation in this country has resulted in excessively much vaporization something that has been linked with the rise in evapotranspiration which in bend has caused small overflow. The effects of these have been a decrease in the ascertained and recorded river flows in the part of Wabash River Watershed. Other indexs of planetary heating in the part are in the signifier of terrible conditions. The part has experience 29 twis ter every twelvemonth with the peak months being in the months of April through June which has 63 per centum of the sum twisters ( Lee et, al. , 2001, p.110-120 ) . Research indicates that in order for the Earth to keep H2O balance, so the vaporization from the H2O organic structures around the universe have to be balanced by the precipitation into this same H2O organic structures plus the tally offs in the continentals land organic structures. The ambiance is supposed to incorporate merely 0.001 per centum of the H2O on Earth, an of import facet of the hydrologic rhythm. The addition in temperatures in this part can be attributed to the green house consequence. As such the warmer H2O surface in the part has created a vapor-pressure difference between the H2O surface and the adjacent ambiance which has enhanced the vaporization rate increasing other constituents that are in the hydrologic rhythm such as the addition in precipitation in the part ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . The nexus between the sweetenings in the hydrologic rhythm with planetary heating has been drawn from legion empirical theoretical accounts and observations. For case, a planetary heating of around 4 grades Celsius is expected to bring forth precipitation additions of around 10 per centum. This addition in precipitation is in the signifier of heavier rainfall as opposed to rainfall that is more frequent or that autumn over a longer continuance. Rainfall information from this part indicate that the forms of rainfall in the part have been characterized by heavy down pours that are less frequent and normally do brassy inundations. This falls under the description of the consequence of planetary heating ( Lee et, al. , 2001, p.120 ) . The part ‘s climatic information offers extra grounds as to the alterations in the hydrologic rhythms. First the heating that has been observed in the part are about all caused by an addition in the part ‘s dark clip temperature. The minimal temperatures daily have increased at a rate that is twice that of twenty-four hours clip temperatures since 1960, this is approximately 1 degree Celsius as opposed to the 0.5 grades for the twenty-four hours clip temperatures. This has been explained to be the consequence caused by increased cloud cover and/or humidness during the dark coupled with an addition in vaporization during the say which creates a chilling consequence on the daytime land temperatures in the part ( this can be better explained by utilizing the description Idaho organic structure heat vaporizing after intoxicant is rubbed on person ‘s tegument, go forthing the organic structure ice chest after the procedure ) . As a consequence of this the effects of the planetary heating in the part such as hotter twenty-four hours have non been experienced which does non connote that there are no planetary heating effects in the part ( Lee et, al. , 2001, p.120 ) . Datas from balloon borne instrumentality ( radiosonde ) every bit good as orbiter informations in the part suggest that the norm ( average ) of H2O vapour concentration in the ambiance has markedly increased. This is indicated by an addition in the sum of precipitation that is generated by storms in the country since the 1961 through to 1990. The Wabash Watershed part has experienced an addition in rainfall sums of about 10 per centum on norm in the four decennaries from 1960 which has increased the rates of precipitation in the part. This addition in the last few decennaries is due mostly because of the disproportional addition in utmost and heavy precipitation rates. This phenomenon is consistent with the anticipations of climatic theoretical accounts. The climatic information in this part indicate that rainfall tends to be more when the norm ( average ) temperature in a month is recorded as being above normal. This is consistent with the anticipations from climatic theoretical acc ounts that have been designed to picture the rate of planetary warming Another index of planetary warming consequence on the climatic conditions of the Wabash River Watershed is the addition in the strength of the storms that have been experienced in the part over the past few decennaries. This has been associated with the atmospheric forepart that is found in the Northern hemisphere ( Lee et, al. , 2001, p.126 ) . An sweetening of the hydrological rhythm in itself has been indicated as an foil of planetary warming through assorted mechanisms. On of the mechanisms is stated as the water-vapor feedback. Water vapour by itself is a major nursery gas and as such contributes to 36-70 per centum of the entire heating of the Earth ‘s surface and lower ambiance by absorbing and breathing of the infrared radiations. In add-on to this, Storms in the part have become really frequent in the last few decennaries, this presents the part with cloud screen that is deep or at least high, the effect of this is that the increased cloud cover Acts of the Apostless to heat up the planet underneath it ensuing in higher temperatures experienced. The ground for this is that deep or high clouds cut down the sum of surpassing long moving ridge radiation to higher extent than the short moving ridge radiation that is incoming into the Earth ‘s atmosphere lending to planetary heating as such. Clouds have a dif ferent consequence from H2O vapour on radiations because they are made up of liquid H2O or ice ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . Snow autumn and thaw informations Datas in the part sing snow autumn and the thaw of the snow indicate that t the day of the months of the last hoar in the spring are coming earlier each twelvemonth. This can be contributed to a rise in temperatures which is dissolving the ice faster. This is further strengthened by the fact that the yearss in a twelvemonth cheapness can be considered the turning seasons, warm plenty to turn harvests have besides been on the addition. Projected information from this climatic information indicate that the length of summer will go on to increase at a steady rater if the present conditions ate still maintained. This is a typical feature of the planetary heating phenomenon ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 ) . Decision It is clear that all the climatic alterations that have been experienced in the last few decennaries may hold occurred in the past of course and likely even during times of that can non be considered as planetary heating periods. Climatic alterations represent a complex phenomenon that can hold multiple causal agents. While the forms are consistent with a clime that is progressively warmer, it is presently impossible to province that a individual climatic event such as a storm event is as a consequence of planetary heating. However, informations over a long period of clip does supply a background on which we can province that the climatic alterations and the events that come with it in the part of Wabash River Watershed are in fact as a consequence of planetary heating. How to cite Studying The Changes Of Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Business Schools Ethics Education Iceland †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Business Schools Ethics Education Iceland? Answer: Introducation Leadership failure in the present organization results from the structured role of a leader which translates one to a manager. Whenever leaders turn into commanders using the control and command approach, leadership ceases to exist. Management refers to the process of controlling or dealing with people or things whereas leadership points to the action of leading an organization or people towards a specific goal (Gamage 2006). The essay shall explain the differences between leadership and management and explain four management styles and areas commonly applied. The existing organizations are preoccupied with control whereas certain procedure of doing things have been set up and have to be followed to the latter. In a management case, the ability to take orders and execute them is highly rewarded whereby conflicts that arise are only solved through escalation to the top level management for a resolution (Northouse 2017). The case denies leadership from occurring where such hitches could be solved through consultation and seeking opinions and feedback from the actual people carrying out a task. Thus, the practice limits the ability for leadership and encourages the use of the chain of command (Goetsch and Davis 2014). For instance, one may be talented in a particular field but then fail to exhibit the same due to the prevailing control mechanisms procedural. Thus, the ability for leadership disappears in the process. Therefore, in achieving a true balance, there is the need to manage the processes in organizations while providing leadership to the people. As such, leaders have to remain open to altering their leadership approach by developing alternative means where the business development of interpersonal skills, ethical lines, integrity, and honesty exists rather than relying on technical aspects to forcing compliance among the subordinates (Avolio and Yammarino 2013). All these values have to be embedded in the workplace culture to experience success and the shift from over management. In overall, it translates to the ability to acknowledge employees whenever a right thing is done and building their moral rather than waiting for something to go wrong then begin to reprimand people at different levels (Barney 2014). Working according to rules and standards set becomes a difficult thing to achieve. Most managements establish norms and procedures to be followed in production while remaining blind to the fact that the people carrying out the tasks might have valuable ideas which can improve the effectiveness of some processes (Sigurjonsson, Vaiman, and Arnardottir 2014). In this case, the difference between leadership and management arises in that a leader can consult and seek an opinion from the subjects whereas a manager goes along with the set rules and nothing far from it. At the same time, leaders ought to lead by example whereby if one wants proper customer service, he should be ready to experiment the same to others before demanding the same from them (Van Wart 2017). By so doing, one would be moving away from the management to the leadership ability where things are practically done based on a situation rather than an already decided process. Path-Goal Theory The path-goal theory is a creation of Robert House which stipulates that a leader can affect the rate of performance, satisfaction, and possible motivation of the workers through clarifying the path towards goals, rewarding for achievement done and removing obstacles to performance. Types of Leadership Styles Directive leadership-occurs in the situation where a leader ought to give specific guidance or deliberations to the subordinates. Supportive leadership- takes place where a leader is friendly and shows care and concern for the subordinates by addressing their concerns. Participative leadership- occurs in situations where a leader consults with the subordinates in considering their opinions and suggestions. Achievement-oriented leadership- occurs in situations where a leader sets top goals and thereby expects the under to follow and register high-performance levels. Challenges Faced in Over-management Organizations over-managed and under-led experience adherence to standards and procedures set by the top level managers. In such a case, people fail to respond well the most issues, whether achievable or not being forced down their throats. Besides, employees wait for directions from the management before taking decisions even in areas where their intervention could have assisted in creating change (Bolman and Deal 2017). The assumption that the top leaders know it best destroys the ability of a leader to transfer decision-making skills to the juniors thus leading to over-management. Article Reviews The following items assist in outlining information essential for answering the question for discussion. Issues of over-managed institutions are addressed with a provisional remedy in proper leadership brought out in the case. Stein, L 2016, 'Schools Need Leaders--Not Managers: It's Time for a Paradigm Shift,' Journal Of Leadership Education, 15, 2, pp. 21-30, ERIC, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 September 2017. Schools need leaders-not manager is an article written by Stein in 2016 which tackles issues of management and leadership. The article focuses on the direction scenario in the public school administration. In the article, several points on lack of differentiation between leading and managing are outlined thus explaining the over-managed and under-led situations. The critical differences between leadership and management point out the weaknesses in schools and lack of positive development. The article is informative in the question at hand as it handles the issue of over-managed and under-led institutions. Issues discussed in the case assist in answering the question on over-managed and under-led matters in management. The provisions serve as eye openers to the benefits expressed in overcoming leadership challenges. The article further expounds on the setbacks of the case as people rely on the top-down command system which places no option for the choices of direction which allow for in-depth consultations. Indeed, the article is efficient in understanding the dangers of over-managing thus assist in changing of perception among institutions. Elearn Limited (Great, B 2007, Leadership And Management In Organisations, Amsterdam: Routledge, eBook Index, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 September 2017. Leadership and Management in Organizations is an article written by John Kotler in 2007 revolving on facts surrounding leadership and management. The article discusses the underlying issues in the change of perception on finding a perfect balance between management and leadership. The article focuses on shifting the perception of leadership as a preserve for people in management positions. At the same time, it examines the presently changing hierarchy systems of government that yield new leadership movement focused towards shared vision as well as empowering individuals instead of focusing on control functions. As such, the article becomes useful, given the professional look of it by John Kotler, a member of the Havard Business School. The information is strategic towards finding the new path to the transformation from management to leadership. Leaders need to take up the challenge and embrace the changes towards transforming their organizations. The article instrumentally points out issues involving accounting and control system which eventually leads to the need for the shift to leadership in businesses. Finally, the conclusion placed in the situation justifies the need for flexibility among managers to embrace leadership skills towards success. Mauri, T. and Mauri, T., 2017. Why leadership styles matter. Strategic Direction, 33(1), pp.1-4. The article on why leadership styles matter is written by Mauri and Mauri in 2017. The article talks on the essence of embracing the shift, currently undergoing in leadership, to avoid the situation of over-managed and under-led organizations. In this respect, it calls for the adoption of new leadership styles if at all proper leadership is to be achieved. In exploring the skills, the article calls for the importance of having a mentor to build and shape the skills while grabbing the opportunities. The article is instrumental towards the shift from over-managing to leading. Becoming a leader assists in changing the authoritative type of leadership towards a consultative means of leadership where the subjects have a voice in whatever they do. Therefore, the authentic nature of the information in the article can be used in discussing several issues of improvement to the evolving business world. Conclusion Management has over time focused on the authoritative and command lines that have become monotonous to the extent that procedures have been repeated all time with little results being registered. In this view, the need to shift from top-down management to embracing leadership styles becomes important in winning the competitive business world. The article mentioned assisting in expounding on the knowledge and ensuring a steady shift from the common management to leadership focused management. Leaders have to ride along the supportive, directive, participative, and achievement-oriented attributes in making businesses worth engaging. Employees who are supported by employers feel free to air their views which end up in assisting organization development. Considering the issues mentioned assists in driving change in organizations. In so doing, the promise of leadership is restored as well the potential for growth in business Reference List Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Elearn Limited (Great, B 2007,Leadership And Management In Organisations, Amsterdam: Routledge, eBook Index, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 September 2017. Gamage, DT 2006,Professional Development For Leaders And Managers Of Self-Governing Schools, Dordrecht: Springer, eBook Index, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 September 2017 Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson Mauri, T. and Mauri, T., 2017. Why leadership styles matter.Strategic Direction,33(1), pp.1-4. Northouse, P.G., 2017.Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice. Sage Publications. Sigurjonsson, T.O., Vaiman, V. and Arnardottir, A.A., 2014. The role of business schools in ethics education in Iceland: The managers perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.25-38. Stein, L., 2016. Schools Need Leaders-Not Managers: It's Time for a Paradigm Shift.Journal of Leadership Education,15(2). Van Wart, M., 2017.Leadership in public organizations: An introduction. Taylor Francis..

Phonograph Invention and Evolution

Introduction Phonograph is not a new concept or tool. Different names have been used to refer to it in different places for instance record player, turntable or gramophone. The device was introduced towards the end of the 19th century, in 1877 by Edison Alva Thomas while he was carrying out his normal duties at his laboratory in New Jersey. The purpose of the phonograph was to record and reproduce sound recordings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phonograph Invention and Evolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The phonograph has undergone a lot of notable evolutions, the first invention being marked by some wavy lines that were either etched or grooved on a cylinder that rotated in order to produce the desired results (Pingree, 2004). This paper gives a general overview of the phonograph with much emphasis being given to its invention and evolution as well as how it has affected arts and its connection to huma nities. The time period the phonograph was invented and the circumstances that led to the invention. The Edison’s phonograph was invented in 1877. The device comprised of a drum in a cylindrical shape which was wrapped in a tinfoil and mounted on an axle threaded in an organized manner. It also had a mouthpiece through which sound would be recorded. The invention was a product of Edison’s other inventions, the telephone and telegraph. Although the phonograph is greatly attributed to Edison’s efforts, various people had come up with the idea earlier, for example Kruesi and Charles Cros. The circumstances that surrounded the invention of the phonograph include the desire of man to have documentation whereby they would have a reference of what happens for instance expression of the human voice/ speech and various artistic performances such as music that proved a bit hard to preserve in the human memory. The need for entertainment also contributed to its invention s ince things like radios and TV were not present at the time (Moore, 1908). How the phonograph has evolved over time and the effects of the evolution on later time periods Just like any other development, the phonograph was not invented in one day. It took some time, considerations and combination of different ideas. Its evolution has been deemed to have a lot of impact on various life aspects especially in art and humanities. The early invention involved use of tin foil cylinders. Wax cylinders were later developed to deal with problems associated with tin foils like wearing out quickly. Hard plastic cylinders were then developed in the early 20th century.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The invention and advancement of the phonograph and its operations has had a part to play on other inventions. This is because the later inventions like radio and TV have drawn ideas on the earli er phonograph and made some improvements to enhance efficiency and effectiveness (Millard, 2005). How phonograph affected the arts within the time period it was invented Phonograph has had a part to play in the different forms of art including music, theatre and drama among other arts. Phonograph has been deemed to have contributed positively to the field of art and humanities through bringing about diversity which in turn makes these fields interesting. The phonograph added importance to the art arena by providing a way through which the different works would be recorded and archived for use at a convenient time by any individual that could own the instrument. Music and drama would for example be recorded and reproduced later and this aspect contributed to the growth of the art industry where artists enhanced their talents and were able to create their presence among the public as opposed to earlier times where they would only be known at the time of performance since there was no form of retrievable storage (Du Moncel, 1974). How the advancement of phonograph is connected to the humanities According to Ramadhan (2011), the invention and advancement of the phonograph has not existed in isolation but rather amongst many other concepts where some form of dependence has been witnessed. It has, for example, played a great part when it comes to the field of humanities. The phonograph has made human life easier because they don’t have to rely solely on their memory for their works. People were also in a position to bring different aspects of the world into their homes, an aspect which led to the emergence of a global culture as a result of integration of different elements from different cultures provided by the recordings. Entertainment was also enhanced by the phonograph in a great manner. Conclusion Technology advancement is inevitable. It is a concept that has been there all along with the speed and sophistication increasing day by day. The phonograph is an instrument that is deemed to be a reference point when it comes to the field of art and humanities especially Music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phonograph Invention and Evolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Later developments have drawn ideas from it and made some improvements. There are various circumstances that surrounded the invention of phonograph as mentioned earlier and with the changes of times, there have been implementation of modifications in making of instruments to incorporate the changes. Reference List Du Moncel, T.A.L. (1974). The Telephone, the Microphone and the Phonograph. New York: Arno Press. Millard, A.J. (2005). America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Moore, C.C. (1908). A Treatise on Facts: Or, the Weight and Value Of Evidence, Volume 1. New York: Thompson Company. Pingree, B.G. (2004). New Media, 1740-1915. New Jersey: MIT Press , 2004. Ramadhan, A. (2011). Facts about the Phonograph. Retrieved from https://ourpastimes.com/history-vinyl-records-5373550.html This essay on Phonograph Invention and Evolution was written and submitted by user Marcus Valentine to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Guide to E-Commerce

Guide to E-Commerce The business world has become increasingly difficult to become successful in. In order for organizations to overcome this difficulty, they must be able to explore other business-related options. It is essential that their operations are fast and efficient, while simultaneously maintaining strong customer relations. One option that has recently proven to be an effective aid for businesses to progress is Electronic Commerce. It allows unlimited business hours due to its around the clock operations, lower labour costs than a traditional business, and exposes the business through a larger market by means of the World Wide Web. With our ever-changing society undeniably striving for technological advancement, E-commerce has become an effective method of conducting business.Electronic Commerce is defined as "The conducting of business communication and transactions over networks and through computers. As most restrictively defined, electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds, through digital communications."moo business cards"However E-commerce also includes all inter-company and intra-company functions (such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, selling, and negotiation) that enable commerce and use electronic mail, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), file transfer, fax, video conferencing, workflow, or interaction with a remote computer" (Dictionary.com). Similar to a traditional business, E-commerce involves the buying and selling of goods and services; they differ only through their means of these transactions. A traditional business is restricted to face-to-face dealings, whereas the transactions of E-commerce are done solely through digital communications. A typical E-commerce transaction is as follows. First the customer must have interest in a product and find it online. Once he/she is satisfied with the located product, a credit information form is filled out complete with credit name, mailing address, phone n umber, email address, and credit card number with expiry date. This information is then sent in and checked by...

11 Memorial

Arads Vision for the National 9/11 Memorial Rebuilding anything is hard work. Nearly two years after the 9-11 terrorist attacks, New York developers announced a challenge - design a memorial for a shocked and grieving nation. Anyone could enter the competition. Entries poured in from architects, artists, students, and other creative people around the world. A panel of 13 judges reviewed 5,201 proposals. It took six months to select the designs of eight finalists. Behind closed doors, one of the judges, Maya Lin, praised a simple memorial originally titled Reflecting Absence. The 34-year-old  architect, Michael Arad, had never built anything larger than a police station. Yet submission 790532, Arads model for the memorial, stayed in the hearts and minds of the judges. Michael Arads Vision Michael Arad had served in the Israeli Army, studied at Dartmouth College and Georgia Tech, and eventually settled in New York. On September 11, 2001, he stood on the roof of his Manhattan apartment building and watched the second plane strike the World Trade Center. Haunted, Arad began sketching plans for a memorial long before the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) launched their competition. Arads concept for Reflecting Absence featured two 30-foot deep voids, symbolizing the absence of the fallen Twin Towers. Ramps would lead down to underground galleries where visitors could stroll past cascading waterfalls and pause at the plaques engraved with the names of those who died. Arads design was truly three-dimensional, with subterranean features as pronounced as those at street level. The design, Arad later told Places magazine, drew inspiration from the simple, sculptural work of architects Louis Kahn, Tadao Ando, and Peter Zumthor. Although the judges admired Michael Arads entry, they felt that it needed more work. They encouraged Arad to join forces with California landscape architect Peter Walker. By all reports, the partnership was rocky. However, in the spring of 2004 the team unveiled an expanded plan that incorporated a scenic plaza with trees and walkways. Trouble Looms for the 9/11 Memorial Critics responded to the 9/11 Memorial plans with mixed reviews. Some called Reflecting Absence moving and healing. Others said that the waterfalls were impractical and the deep pits hazardous. Still others protested the idea of memorializing the dead in a space located underground. To make matters worse, Michael Arad butted heads with architects in charge of the New York reconstruction projects. Daniel Libeskind, master planner for the World Trade Center site, said that Reflecting Absence did not harmonize with his own Memory Foundations design vision. The architects chosen for the underground National 9/11 Museum, J. Max Bond, Jr. and others from the Davis Brody Bond architecture firm, came on board and tweaked Arads subsurface memorial design - apparently against Arads wishes. After stormy meetings and construction delays, cost estimates for the memorial and the museum soared to nearly $1 billion. In May 2006, New York Magazine reported that Arads memorial teeters on the brink of collapse. Michael Arads Dream Triumphs The World Trade Center towers (the  skyscrapers) and the Transportation Hub are the business end of what is built at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan. Early on, however, politicians, historians, and community leaders knew that a good part of the real estate had to be dedicated to the people affected by the terrorist tragedy. This meant a memorial and museum within one of the largest spaces set aside for redevelopment. Who was involved? Architects of the underground museum (Davis Brody Bond); architects of the aboveground pavilion entrance to the museum (Snà ¸hetta); architect of the memorial (Arad); landscape architect for the memorial / museum plaza area (Walker); and the architect of the Master Plan (Libeskind). Compromise is the cornerstone of every great project. Like Libeskinds dramatically altered Vertical World Garden, Reflecting Absence saw many transformations. Its now known as the National September 11 Memorial. The names of those who died areinscribed on the bronze parapet on the plaza level, instead of in underground galleries. Many other features that Arad wanted have been modified or eliminated. Still, his core vision - deep voids and rushing water - remains intact. Architects Michael Arad and Peter Walker worked with a water architect and many engineers to construct the enormous waterfalls. Family members or victims remained actively involved as they deliberated over the arrangement of the engraved names. On September 11, 2011, ten years after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, a formal dedication ceremony marked the completion of the National 9/11 Memorial. The underground museum by Davis Brody Bond and the aboveground atrium pavilion by Snà ¸hetta opened in May 2014. Together, all of the architectural elements are known as the National September 11 Memorial Museum. The Memorial by Arad and Walker is an open park space, free to the public. The underground museum, includingthe infamous slurry wall that holds back the Hudson River, is open for a fee. The September 11 memorial site is designed to honor the nearly 3,000 people who were killed in New York, Pennsylvania, and at the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, and also the six people who died when terrorists bombed the New York World Trade Center on February 26, 1993. More generally, the National 9/11 Memorial speaks out against terrorism everywhere and offers a promise of renewal. Who Is Michael Arad? Michael Sahar Arad was one of six recipients of the Young Architects Award given by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 2006. By 2012 Arad was one of fifteen Architects of Healing receiving a special AIA medal for his Reflecting Absence design of the National 9/11 Memorial in New York City. Arad was born in Israel, 1969, and served in the Israeli Military from 1989 to 1991. He arrived in the US in 1991 to go to school, earning a BA in Government from Dartmouth College (1994) and a Masters in Architecture from Georgia Institute of Technology (1999). He signed on with Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) from 1999 to 2002, and after 9-11 worked for the New York City Housing Authority from 2002 to 2004. Since 2004 Arads been a partner at Handel Architects LLP. In the Words of Michael Arad Im proud to be an American. I was not born in this country, nor was I born to American parents. Becoming an American was something I chose to do, and Im so grateful for that privilege because I love the values of this country and Im grateful for the opportunities this country has given me first as a student and then as an architect. America epitomizes for me liberty and equality, tolerance and a belief in shared sacrifices. It is a noble social experiment that depends on every generations engagement and belief in it. The design of the Memorial of the World Trade Center is a physical manifestation of these values and beliefs. It is a design formed by my experiences in New York in the aftermath of the attacks, where I witnessed the remarkable response of the City as a community, united in its most trying hour; united in compassion and courage, determined and stoic. The public spaces of the City - places like Union Square and Washington Square - were the sites where this incredible civic response took shape, and, in fact, it could not have taken shape without them. These public spaces informed and gave shape to the response of its citizens and their design is open democratic forms reflect our shared values and beliefs in a civic and democratic society based on freedom, liberty, and yet even the individual pursuit of happiness what else is a pursuit of solace in the face of grief. Public spaces form our shared responses and our understanding of ourselves and our place within society, not as spectators, but as participants, as engaged citizens, as a community of people united by a shared destiny. What better way to respond to that attack and to honor the memory of those who perished than to construct another vessel for that community, another public space, a new forum, a place that affirms our values and imparts them to us and to future generations. It has been a remarkable privilege and responsibility to be part of this effort. I am humbled and honored to be part of it, and I am grateful for the recognition this award bestows on the efforts of my colleagues and myself. Thank you very much. - Architects of Healing Ceremony, American Institute of Architects, May 19, 2012, Washington, D.C. Sources for This Article: Reflecting Absence, commentary by Michael Arad from Places magazine, May 2009 (at http://places.designobserver.com/media/pdf/Reflecting_Abs_1162.pdf)The Breaking of Michael Arad, New York magazineCost and Safety Put Memorials Striking Vision at Risk, New York TimesReflecting Absence: Exploring The 9/11 Memorial, Huffington Post9/11 Memorial Nears Completion, Ending Complicated, Contentious Process at old.gothamgazette.com/article/arts/20110714/1/3565, Gotham GazetteIroning Out Where to Purpose 9/11†²s Iconic Steel Cross, New York Observer9/11 Memorial Official SiteLower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) at www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_memorial_93699.aspxThe Port Authority website at www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/memorial-museum.htmlLower Manhattan Construction Command Center Project Update at lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_memorial_93699.aspx

Discuss the effects that the institution of slavery had on Atlantic Essay

Discuss the effects that the institution of slavery had on Atlantic Civilization - Essay Example The Europeans and American colonies were interested in Atlantic slavery because the location was easily accessible and secondly it was cheaper to get slaves. In order to prove the thesis of this paper that slave trade had great impacts on Atlantic, let’s zoom into what happened. The ancient Egyptian society is well much known for its unique pyramids. The construction of pyramids was done by slaves who worked for long hours under inhumane conditions. Young people especially from the Hebrew community were the ones who were building the pyramids. With the capital punishment of death, they would opt to endure the hardship as the best options. This can be attributed to the reign and era of Pharaoh. These slaves had no right to anything as they were constantly subjected to servitude. Therefore, the results of slavery led to construction of pyramids (Carney, Judith, and Richard, 21). There was also acquisitions, by African, of European good and commodities, in exchange of human cargo. This is to say that European slave trade terms and conditions demanded that, in exchange for their goods, like guns, cooking utensils, attire and alcoholic drinks, they required slaves rather that gold. As a result of this, merchants, who traded for Europeans, were encouraged to get slaves so that they can exchange with European commodities. Consequently, this desire to acquire European commodities led to slow economic growth in internal trade. This is because, demand for internal commodities went down. On the other hand, the acquisition of guns in both the Central and West Africa enabled establishment of military and political tribes in Africa (Green, 3). Besides trading human for European commodities, some European slave traders exchanged slaves for gold. As a result, there was accumulation of wealth within the European slave trade chatter. With availability of wealth, slave merc hants were not only able to facilitate industrial revolutions and capitalist production, but they

Construction Technology 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Construction Technology 2 - Essay Example Because the fire curves are modelled on the basis of design fires, the analysis becomes vulnerable to the difference between design fire parameters and the real fire situations that may occur. Furthermore, varying conditions and the global proliferation of standards for fire tests make it imperative that an approximate approach to different situations/standards, for structures (at sea and on land) be adopted. This work aims to analyse fire curves in terms of their vital components/features, simultaneously considering the critical levels at which these vital variables of the standard curves experience a change, with the associated consequences of such, regarding the effectiveness of fire curves at carrying out their function of fire resistance determination. A further look will be taken at the applicability of these curves at sea, with analysis involving a look at the means and extent to which these applications vary, in the approach associated with them. The level of fire resistance in structures (onshore) is generally assessed or analysed by the use of engineering fire design curves. Different types of fire curves and standards are adopted in various parts of the world. Different assumptions are also associated with these different curves. Technically speaking, fire curves are applied to determine the fire resistance rating of passive fire protection systems. This rating is a measure of the time over which a passive fire protection system can resist or withstand a standard fire protection test. Some of the most commonly used standard fire curves include the ISO-834 (BS 476 or DIN 4102), which are relevant to cellulosic structures. There are also the ASTM E119 and UL 1709(or Eurocode 1), applicable to hydrocarbon situations. Engineering design practice generally uses these curves in the context of design fire temperatures, which attempt to